TIA1 and neoplasm: Prolonged survival has associated with a large number of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in cancer, measured by the infiltration of CD3+ T cells [14], CD8+ T cells [15] or CD57+ NK cells.[16] Recent studies found that cytotoxic granule-associated RNA binding protein (TIA-1) was a good marker to detect cytotoxic cells, which coded for an integral membrane protein in cytotoxic granules, mainly in cytotoxic CD8+ T cells (CTLs, regardless of their activation state) and NK cells.