Furthermore, addition of anti-CCL2 Ab concomitantly with HIV-1 infection also significantly reduced the percentage of p24 Gag+ cells, although to a lesser extent with respect to what observed in MDM exposed to anti-CCL2 Ab 20 h before infection [0.23 ± 0.08 (SE) and 0.47 ± 0.19 (SE) fold vs control Ab in MDM treated 20 h before (p < 0.001) or at the time of infection (p < 0.05), respectively; n = 7] (Figure 6B). Here, CCL2 is linked to infection.