NEFL and astrocytoma (excluding glioblastoma): We observed that NEFL was inversely correlated with miR-381 expression in the analyzed astrocytomas (n=15) (Spearman's correlation, r = −0.8179) (Fig. 3H), which suggested that NEFL acts as a putative tumor suppressor in glioma and that both downregulated NEFL and upregulated miR-381 expression are involved in gliomagenesis.