AFP and neoplasm: In the training cohort (n = 263), most of the patients were men (90%, n=236), were long-term carriers of hepatitis B virus (HBV) (86%, n=227), and an elevated serum level of AFP (alpha-fetoprotein) (65%, n=171); 87% of the patients (n=230) had a single tumor nodule and 30% of the patients (n=78) had venous invasion at the time of resection.