TLR4 and Insulin resistance: Nevertheless, the effects of the genetic deletion of Toll-like receptors such as TLR4 on insulin resistance are controversial (Jin and Flavell, 2013, Orr et al., 2012, Saberi et al., 2009, Tanti et al., 2012), and fat uptake by murine macrophages in vivo was also associated with suppression, rather than activation, of NF-κB-dependent inflammatory gene expression (Spann et al., 2012).