Strikingly, HOIL-1 KO mice were highly susceptible to even low dose infection with the facultative gram-positive intracellular bacterium, Listeria monocytogenes (Listeria), with 80%, 80% and 50% of mice succumbing to infection within 10 days of intraperitoneal (i.p.)inoculation with 105, 104 and 103 CFU, respectively (Figure 1A). Here, RBCK1 is linked to infection.