T and B cell-deficient RAG1 HOIL-1 double KO mice succumbed to infection significantly faster than RAG1 KO mice (Figure 2B), and exhibited elevated bacterial burden in the spleen and liver 3 days post-infection (Figure 2C), indicating that HOIL-1 plays an essential role in innate immunity during Listeria infection. Here, RBCK1 is linked to infection.