To determine whether the viral complementation of immunodeficiency was unique to HOIL-1, we latently infected IL-6, Caspase-1-deficient and Caspase-1;Caspase-11-double-deficient mice (Kayagaki et al., 2013), which survive MHV68 infection but are all highly susceptible to Listeria infection (Figure 5—figure supplement 3) (Kopf et al., 1994; Sarawar et al., 1998; Edelson and Unanue, 2002; Tsuji et al., 2004; Sauer et al., 2011). Here, IL6 is linked to immunodeficiency disease.