TLR4 and neoplasm: Activation with LPS (a TLR4 ligand and a prototypical activator of macrophages) was included to mimic the TLR4 activation that occurs in the tumor microenvironment through the action of endogenous ligands that are generated in tumors, such as heat shock proteins (HSP), high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) and proteoglycans (Versican, Heparin sulfate, Hyaluronic Acid fragments).