Although not previously investigated as moderators, TNF -308G>A has been directly linked to depressive symptoms in women with breast cancer, a context likely to include stress exposure, and to a higher rate of attempted suicide among patients with MDD (Bower et al., 2013; J. Kim et al., 2013; Y. Kim et al., 2013, but see Lotrich, Ferrell, Rabinovitz & Pollock, 2010, for non-significant relationship to depression in interferon-alpha patients), and IL1β -511C>T has been found to predict failure to remit after antidepressant treatment (Baune et al., 2010). Here, TNF is linked to major depressive disorder.