AKT1 and male reproductive organ cancer: While these studies implicate concomitant activation of PI3K/AKT and RAS/MAPK signaling in PCa advancement, activation of MAPK signaling itself has been demonstrated to promote basal (p63+) cell proliferation and the development of invasive prostate adenocarcinoma independently of PI3K/AKT signal activation [129], supporting its involvement in prostate tumorigenesis.