As prostate-specific antigen (PSA) potentially gives a false-positive indication in diagnosing prostate cancer, an additional biomarker of survivin mRNA, which is over-expressed in many malignancies but rarely detected in normal differentiated adult tissues, was incorporated as input to mitigate the possibility originating from non-cancerous prostate diseases such as prostatic hyperplasia and prostatitis. Here, KLK3 is linked to benign prostatic hyperplasia.