Patients who had an adverse clinical event were older, had a worse functional class and renal function, received less frequently angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers (ACEi/ARB) and beta-blockers, had a reduced AVA and LVEF, and had a more frequent history of COPD and heart failure than those who had not (Table 4). Here, ACE is linked to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.