Consequently, as bone stromal cells secrete GDNF upon DNA damage, they could act as an attractant to viable CTCs in the circulation, an effect that would add to the pro-survival responses of GFRA1/SFK activation by promoting the homing of resistant prostate cancer cells to a microenvironment with augmented pro-growth and resistance-inducing properties. Here, GDNF is linked to prostate carcinoma.