Thus, genes involved in oxidative stress, such as heme oxygenase 1 (HMOX1), nitric oxide synthase 3 (NOS3), superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2), and alpha polypeptide (CYBA); genes involved in inflammation, such as apolipoprotein E (APOE), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and interleukin 6 (IL6); and genes involved in endothelial dysfunction, such as ICAM1, VCAM1, and sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1PR1), may also modify cardiovascular effects of As exposure. Here, VCAM1 is linked to endothelial dysfunction.