To validate our observations in a second experimental setting, we induced tumours in WT mice via the classic two-stage DMBA/TPA (7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate) chemical carcinogenesis protocol in which DMBA induces H-Ras mutations and TPA causes chronic inflammation, promoting tumour development27. Here, HRAS is linked to neoplasm.