OAS1 and type 1 diabetes mellitus: Different non-MHC candidate gene products related to T1D involving the cytokine pathways are IL-12B, 2′-5′-oligoadenylate synthetase 1 (OAS1), small ubiquitin-like modifier 4 (SUM04), paired box gene 4 (PAX4), protein tyrosine phosphatase N2 gene (PTPN2), regulatory and proinflammatory T-cells, macrophage-related cytokines including interferon gamma (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-4 and interleukin-10 (IL-4 and IL-10), and C-type lectin domain family 16 (CLEC16A) [29, 69–81].