The clinical diagnosis of PLE is problematic; however, the identification of a number of specific circulating autoantibodies, such as anti-Hu (34,1), anti-PNMA2 (12), anti-Yo (14), anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) (35) and anti-voltage-gated potassium channel (17) antibodies, in these patients has revolutionized the diagnosis and understanding of these syndromes and demonstrated a role for the immune system in such neurological disorders. Here, PNMA2 is linked to nervous system disorder.