The cancer cell markers studied by tumor immunohistochemistry (IHC) were as follows: Ki67 (proliferation marker); MMP-2 and -9 (metastasis markers); vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) (angiogenesis marker); terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) and B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) (apoptosis markers); cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) (inflammatory markers) and glutathione S-transferase π (GSTπ) (specific cancer marker). Here, GSTP1 is linked to cancer.