PIAS3 and glioblastoma: 14 showed an absence of PIAS3 protein expression in glioblastoma multiforme, and demonstrated growth inhibition in U251 human glioblastoma cells when PIAS3 levels were restored. Similarly, we previously demonstrated 15 that two-thirds of squamous cell lung cancer human specimens displayed low to undetectable levels of PIAS3 by immunohistochemistry.