Interestingly, higher serum levels of interleukins (IL) 5 and 6, keratinocyte cytokine (KC/CXCL1), and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) in C3H/HeN mice at 24 hours post infection (hpi) predicted the development of persistent bacteriuria and chronic cystitis thereafter, suggestive of a host-pathogen checkpoint during acute infection that predicts long term outcome [26], [37]. Here, CXCL1 is linked to chronic cystitis.