ESR1 and endometrial carcinoma: Particularly, many studies have shown that BPA can activate estrogen receptors (ERs) α and β.5,6 To date, multiple lines of evidence have indicated that BPA has estrogen-like activity and exhibits developmental toxicity in the reproductive organs and inhibitory effects on testosterone synthesis.7–9 Thus, in vitro and in vivo studies have revealed links between BPA exposure and hormone-related cancers, including breast, prostate, and ovarian cancers and endometrial carcinoma.