ESR1 and cancer: ER-α and ER-β are found primarily in stromal and differentiated epithelium, respectively.106,107 It has been proposed that the prostate gland is more sensitive to estrogen exposure during the critical developmental period of the embryo stage than during adulthood.108 Recent evidence suggests that BPA exposure does affect prostate cells and cancer development.109,110 For example, transient exposure of rats to low, environmentally relevant doses of BPA or estradiol during development enhances prostate gland susceptibility to adult-onset precancerous lesions and hormonal carcinogenesis.111