Halofuginone in vitro reduced Smad3 protein [52], inhibited TGFβ-dependent Smad3 phosphorylation and elevated expression of the inhibitory Smad7 in a variety of cell types, such as fibroblasts, hepatic (HSCs) and pancreatic (PSCs) stellate cells, tumor cells, and myoblasts [55,62,72,73,74]. The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is neoplasm.