TGFB1 and influenza: Since TGF-β plays a critical role in mucosal tissues in the formation of tissue-resident memory CD8 T cells (Mackay et al., 2013; Zhang and Bevan, 2013), IgA-producing B cells (Cazac and Roes, 2000; Borsutzky et al., 2004), and as revealed here Tfh cells, it is an attractive target to consider in the development of a broadly protective universal influenza vaccine.