Other important categories of mutated genes include: transcription factors and other transcriptional regulators such as RUNX1, MECOM and CEBPA, and chromatin remodeling proteins such as ASXL1, EZH2, ATRX, KDM6A, CREBBP and EP300. Proteins implicated in tyrosine kinase-associated pathways such as FLT3, CBL, RAS, KIT, CSF1R, PTPN11, as well as JAK2 and MPL (both of which are less common and are often acquired during disease progression) and those that regulate cell cycle and apoptosis, including TP53, IER3 and NPM1 are also often somatically mutated in MDS genomes (reviewed in [32,33,34]). Here, IER3 is linked to myelodysplastic syndrome.