In the first report on the role of TGF-β in PCa bone metastasis, it was found that loss of TGF-β responsiveness in the fibroblasts induced the up regulation of CXCL16 and CXCL1, which promoted PCa cells adhesion to the bone matrix, and promoted mixed (osteoblastic/osteolytic) metastatic lesions (217). This evidence concerns the gene CXCL1 and posterior cortical atrophy.