In contrast, in a study on 589 patients (419 Caucasian, 120 South Asian, 50 other) to determine factors which modulate serum PON1 in type 2 diabetes, PON1 activity associated negatively with insulin resistance, triglycerides and 55 M allele; and positively with 192R allele. Here, PON1 is linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus.