In both cases the apparent lack of 25D-mediated induction of hCAP/CAMP was attributed to the absence of patient infection and associated induction of CYP27B1. However, it seems unlikely that intracrine induction of innate immunity by 25D will be manifested by changes in circulating levels of antibacterial proteins, but will instead reflect localized effects on tissue macrophages at sites of infection. Here, CYP27B1 is linked to infection.