TNF and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: In experimental research, Moschen and colleagues demonstrated that visfatin, whose serum levels are higher in patients with inflammatory disease, including obesity, than in healthy subjects [41], induced human leukocytes and pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine production (IL-1b, IL-1Ra, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and TNF-α) [41].