CXCL10 and HIV-1 infection: In the case of CXCL10 this is in keeping with previous studies [18], [19], as well as observations in acute HIV-1 infection that plasma CXCL10 levels provide a very early predictive measure of set-point viral load, CD4 T cell activation and disease progression [27] most likely through direct stimulation of monocyte and plasmacytoid dendritic cell CXCL10 production via toll-like receptor ligation [18].