Low circulating adiponectin levels (hypoadiponectinemia: <4 μg/mL) are associated with not only various cardiovascular and metabolic phenotypes [e.g., type 2 diabetes (T2D), hypertension, dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease and stroke], but also with gastrointestinal diseases, osteoporosis and cancers (Kishida et al. 2014). Here, ADIPOQ is linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus.