VDR and neoplasm: Many single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been identified and genetic variations in the VDR gene may phenotypically appear as interindividual variations in limiting rates of vitamin D synthesis in the skin, hydroxylation in the liver and kidney, transport, metabolism and degradation that would ultimately influence the anti-tumor effect of vitamin D. Moreover, the VDR gene variants have been reported to associate with increased risk of cancers including breast [8], prostate [9], and colorectal [10].