Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is well-established as an inducer of innate immunity, and gene expression profiling of macrophages stimulated by LPS compared to unstimulated macrophages [25] found that several genes in the TTP-low tumor signature are altered during activation of the innate immune pathway in a fashion similar to cancer based on TTP expression (S1 Fig). This evidence concerns the gene ZFP36 and cancer.