HAMP and myelodysplastic syndrome with single lineage dysplasia: Santini et al. found that mean hepcidin levels were consistently heterogeneous across different MDS subtypes, with the lowest levels in refractory anemia with ringed sideroblasts (1.43 nmol/L) and the highest in the RAEB (11.3 nmol/L) (p=0.003) [8].