MAPK3 and cardiac hypertrophy: Nevertheless, both with in vivo and in vitro studies, our data support a direct role of GPR91 in succinate-induced cardiac hypertrophy, since GPR91 ablation prevented: succinate-induced cardiac hypertrophy in GPR91KO mice, expression of hypertrophic markers, ERK1/2 activation, and intracellular HDAC5 translocation.