TNF and neoplasm: In colorectal cancer, Vγ9Vδ2 T cells can differentiate into Th17 cells that secrete IL-17 and also IL-8, TNF-α, and GM-CSF and thus contribute to the accumulation of immunosuppressive polymorphonuclear-myeloid-derived suppressor cells (PMN-MDSCs) within the tumor microenvironment and influence the anti-tumor immune response (64) (Figure 2C).