CSF3 and Stroke: Both, the stimulation of endogenous bone marrow cells by the granulocyte colony-stimulating growth factor (G-CSF) and the transplantation of bone marrow mononuclear cells (BM-MNCs) were shown to enhance regeneration in a large number of animal stroke studies (Schneider et al., 2005; Giraldi-Guimarães et al., 2009; Diederich et al., 2012b).