Here, in order to eliminate the potential influence of other driver mutations in genes such as BRAF and KIT, and to focus on genetic cohorts without approved targeted therapies, we limited our analysis to NRASQ61-mutated melanoma and melanomas that are negative for known driver mutations (“pan-negative”) in BRAF, NRAS, KIT, GNAQ, or GNA11. Here, GNA11 is linked to melanoma.