NPAS4 and epilepsy: In the epilepsy rat model, double-label immunofluorescence staining showed that Npas4 and MAP2 were co-expressed in neurons in the cortex and hippocampus (Fig. 1.a.c) but were not co-expressed with GFAP, an astrocyte marker, in neuroglia cells in the hippocampus and cortex (Fig. 1.b.d).