induces Bpifa1 expression in murine airways30 and, importantly, BPIFA1 enhances IL-8 production and bacterial clearance.30 Recent data also suggest that the protein may be implicated in the mediation of host responses through modulation of macrophage function.32 Thus, the modulation of BPIFA1 expression after MHV-68 infection is consistent with a function in host defense and/or immune modulation including, possibly, sensing of infection.51 Here, CXCL8 is linked to infection.