GAPDH and astrocytoma (excluding glioblastoma): When the BMI1/GAPDH levels in the pediatric brain tumors were normalized with that of the normal adult cerebral tissues, elevated BMI1 expression (>1.5 fold of adult cerebral tissues) was observed in 8 of 15 (53.3%) astrocytomas (2.3 ± 0.3 folds), 8 of 14 (57.1%) juvenile pilocytic astrocytomas (JPAs) (2.4 ± 1.2 folds), 3 of 5 (60%) ependymomas (2.18 ± 1.5 folds), and 10 of 17 (58.8%) GBMs (3.55 ± 1.1 folds).