DDIT3 and retinal degeneration: The modulation of CHOP and ATF4 in the mouse retinasdemonstrates a regulatory role for these UPR markers in IL-6 andIL-1β production and confirms results from previous studies onthe activation of IL-1β and IL-6 via the ER stress CHOP pathway,as well as the ATF4-mediated increase in IL-6.20, 27, 28 The spectrum of ocular disease associated withdysfunction of the immune system has continued to expand over the pastdecade.29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35 However, to datethere has been no definitive evidence of a significant causal role for aninflammation in retinal degeneration.