In addition, a statistically significant correlation was observed between study variables and markers of active renal disease (Table 3), such as haematuria, glomerular dysmorphic erythrocytes, casts, Pr/Cr ratio, serum creatinine, eGFR, anti-dsDNA, serum C3, serum C4, and SLE disease activity index (all p<0.05). Here, C3 is linked to systemic lupus erythematosus.