To know more about p-cresol intoxication on the vascular changes, we studied the effects of p-cresol on ROS production, cell proliferation, cell cycle progression and various inflammation/atherosclerosis-related mediators (e.g., PGF2α, PAI-1, uPA and suPAR) were determined using in vitro analyses. Here, SERPINE1 is linked to atherosclerosis.