HMGB1 and systemic lupus erythematosus: Although it is still not clear whether the high levels of HMGB1 cause diminishing level of sRAGE by the consumption of this soluble receptor or whether low levels of sRAGE strengthen proinflammatory effect of HMGB1, a study by Schaper et al. demonstrated that the increased serum levels of HMGB1 in patients with SLE lead to the consumption of sRAGE during the inflammatory process [41].