The effects of reduced AMPD activity in altering insulin action may not be unique to the mouse as two studies have reported that AMPD1 deficient human subjects have a lower incidence of type II diabetes [15, 16], an intriguing result that needs to be confirmed in a larger group of individuals, and the demonstration that AMPD1 haplotype is associated with changes in insulin clearance in man [9]. Here, INS is linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus.