Given the virtually universal requirement for ANA positivity to exist before a clinical diagnosis of SLE is made, there is an inherent incorporation bias operating in any study attempting to tease out relative pathogenic contributions of various determinants to either “benign” (serological) or “overt” (clinical) autoimmunity: this is because the presence of ANA positivity increases the likelihood of a SLE diagnosis being made. Here, BTG3 is linked to systemic lupus erythematosus.