LHB and Cognitive impairment: Since the information processing in cortico-hippocampal areas in cognitive behaviors is influenced by various neuromodulators (including dopamine, serotonin etc.)and the release of these neuromodulators is under the control of the LHb (Lecourtier and Kelly, 2007; Hikosaka, 2010), the dysfunction in LHb may induce the cognitive impairments (Lecourtier et al., 2004, 2006).