MTOR and tuberous sclerosis: Alternatively, the aberrant cells that comprise cortical tubers and SEGAs in TSC patients express markers of early neuronal and glial cell differentiation (Lopes et al., 1996; Ess et al., 2005; Zhou et al., 2011) and recent mouse models have clarified that these tumors can result from mTOR-dependent promotion of aberrant neural progenitor cell (NPC) expansion and premature differentiation, accompanied by defective maturation and abnormal migration (Magri et al., 2011; Magri and Galli, 2013).