INS and Insulin resistance: For example, HFD promoted lower levels of 1,5-anhydroglucitol (1,5-AG), a marker of glycemic control (Yamanouchi et al., 1996; Stickle and Turk, 1997), which is indicative of systemic insulin resistance and is in accordance with our previous studies showing systemic glucose intolerance and insulin insensitivity in this model (Cummins et al., 2014).