There were lower numbers of CD68+ macrophages (p = 0.0460; Fig. 4B), MAC387+ monocytes (p = 0.0182; Fig. 4C), and CD3+ T lymphocytes (p = 0.0001; Fig. 4D) in the guts of natalizumab treated macaques, indicating that late treatment was not sufficient to stop viral infection that has already occurred, but did reduce subsequent traffic of lymphocytes and monocyte/macrophages. The gene discussed is S100A9; the disease is viral infectious disease.