When injected, primary hAMSCs-H induced greater differentiation of GBM cells into astrocytic lineages compared with control (phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) injection) as evidenced by decreased expression of Nestin (P=0.0001) and increased expression of GFAP (P<0.0001; Figures 4g–j). This evidence concerns the gene NES and glioblastoma.